pkc-2;skn-1

Protein kinase C;Protein kinase C-like 2

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Locus: CELE_E01H11.1

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Wormbase description: pkc-2 encodes protein kinases similar to the classical protein kinase C family of Ca2+/diacylglycerol-stimulated kinases; when expressed in insect cells, one PKC-2 isoform exhibits Ca2+-dependent serine phosphorylation; PKC-2 isoforms are expressed in neurons, the intestine, muscles cells, and the somatic distal gonad, including the spermatheca; in neurons, PKC-2 localizes to the cell body and to neuronal processes; PKC-2 is expressed at low levels in embryos, with expression increasing 10-fold during the L1 larval stage, and then continuing at lower levels throughout post-embryonic development; fractionation experiments indicate that in young adults and mid-L1 and L2 larvae, PKC-2 isoforms are nearly evenly distributed between the cytosol and organelles and/or the cytoskeleton; in egg-laying adults, approximately 70% of PKC-2 is found in the cytosol.

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Protein skinhead-1;SKiNhead

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Locus: CELE_T19E7.2

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Wormbase description: skn-1 encodes a bZip transcription factor orthologous to the mammalian Nrf (Nuclear factor-erythroid-related factor) transcription factors; during early embryogenesis, maternally provided SKN-1 is required for specification of the EMS blastomere, a mesendodermal precursor that gives rise to pharyngeal, muscle, and intestinal cells; later, during postembryonic development, SKN-1 functions in the p38 MAPK pathway to regulate the oxidative stress response and in parallel to DAF-16/FOXO in the DAF-2-mediated insulin/IGF-1-like signaling pathway to regulate adult lifespan; in vitro assays indicate that SKN-1 can be directly phosphorylated by the AKT-1, AKT-2, and SGK-1 kinases that lie downstream of DAF-2 in the insulin signaling pathway and in vivo experiments suggest that this phosphorylation is essential for regulation of SKN-1 nuclear accumulation and hence, transcriptional regulator activity; in the early embryo, SKN-1 is detected at highest levels in nuclei of the P1 blastomere and its descendants through the 8-cell stage of embryogenesis; later in embryogenesis, SKN-1 is observed in all hypodermal and intestinal nuclei, with reporter constructs indicating that intestinal expression begins as early as the 50-100-cell stage; in larvae and young adults, SKN-1::GFP reporters are expressed in the intestine and ASI neurons, with expression in intestinal nuclei enhanced under conditions of stress or reduced DAF-2 signaling.

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