daf-2;mml-1

Insulin-like receptor subunit beta;Receptor protein-tyrosine kinase;hypothetical protein

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Locus: CELE_Y55D5A.5

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Wormbase description: daf-2 encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase that is the C. elegans insulin/IGF receptor ortholog; DAF-2 activity is required for a number of processes in C. elegans, including embryonic and larval development, formation of the developmentally arrested dauer larval stage (diapause), larval developmental timing, adult longevity, reproduction, fat storage, salt chemotaxis learning, and stress resistance, including response to high temperature, oxidative stress, and bacterial infection; DAF-2 signals through a conserved PI 3-kinase pathway to negatively regulate the activity of DAF-16, a Forkhead-related transcription factor, by inducing its phosphorylation and nuclear exclusion; in addition, DAF-2 negatively regulates the nuclear localization, and hence transcriptional activity, of SKN-1 in intestinal nuclei; amongst the 38 predicted insulin-like molecules in C. elegans, genetic and microarray analyses suggest that at least DAF-28, INS-1, and INS-7 are likely DAF-2 ligands; genetic mosaic and tissue-specific promoter studies indicate that daf-2 can function cell nonautonomously and within multiple cell types to influence dauer formation and adult lifespan, likely by regulating the production of secondary endocrine signals that coordinate growth and longevity throughout the animal; temporal analysis of daf-2 function indicates that daf-2 regulates lifespan, reproduction, and diapause independently, at distinct times during the animal's life cycle.

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Myc and Mondo-Like;Protein WBSCR14 homolog

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Locus: CELE_T20B12.6

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Wormbase description: mml-1 encodes, by alternative splicing, two isoforms of a bHLH-ZIP protein orthologous to human MLX (OMIM:602976), MLXIP (OMIM:608090), and MLXIPL (OMIM:605678, deleted in Williams-Beuren syndrome); MML-1 has five N-terminal Mondo Conserved Regions, an N-terminal nuclear localization sequence, and a C-terminal bHLHZip domain; with MXL-2, MML-1 is probably required for normal migration of ray 1 precursor cells in the male tail and for proper epidermal expression of extracellular matrix component genes; MML-1 is expressed in epidermal cells from 50-100 cell embryos onward, and in intestinal cells at the 4E stage, until adulthood; MML-1 requires MXL-2 for protein stability; MML-1 binds MXL-2 but not MXL-1 in two-hybrid assays; either coexpressed MML-1/MXL-2 or MML-1 alone can activate transcription via CACGTG E-boxes.

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