daf-2;sod-1;sod-2;sod-3;sod-4;sod-5

Insulin-like receptor subunit beta;Receptor protein-tyrosine kinase;hypothetical protein

Locus: CELE_Y55D5A.5

Wormbase description: daf-2 encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase that is the C. elegans insulin/IGF receptor ortholog; DAF-2 activity is required for a number of processes in C. elegans, including embryonic and larval development, formation of the developmentally arrested dauer larval stage (diapause), larval developmental timing, adult longevity, reproduction, fat storage, salt chemotaxis learning, and stress resistance, including response to high temperature, oxidative stress, and bacterial infection; DAF-2 signals through a conserved PI 3-kinase pathway to negatively regulate the activity of DAF-16, a Forkhead-related transcription factor, by inducing its phosphorylation and nuclear exclusion; in addition, DAF-2 negatively regulates the nuclear localization, and hence transcriptional activity, of SKN-1 in intestinal nuclei; amongst the 38 predicted insulin-like molecules in C. elegans, genetic and microarray analyses suggest that at least DAF-28, INS-1, and INS-7 are likely DAF-2 ligands; genetic mosaic and tissue-specific promoter studies indicate that daf-2 can function cell nonautonomously and within multiple cell types to influence dauer formation and adult lifespan, likely by regulating the production of secondary endocrine signals that coordinate growth and longevity throughout the animal; temporal analysis of daf-2 function indicates that daf-2 regulates lifespan, reproduction, and diapause independently, at distinct times during the animal's life cycle.

Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]

Locus: CELE_C15F1.7

Wormbase description: sod-1 encodes the copper/zinc superoxide dismustase, an enzyme that is known to protect cells from oxidative damage; superoxide dismutase activity can be detected in worm extracts; sod-1 activity has been implicated in the increased life-span of dauer larvae where this enzyme demonstrates the highest activity compared to other life-stages as well as in the increased life span of age-1 mutants and their resistance to oxidative damage; sod-1 modulates the effect of let-60 ras on vulval and germline development via cytoplasmic reactive oxygen species; unlike other eukaryotic superoxide dismutases, sod-1 does not require the copper chaperone CCS for its activity and instead uses a glutathione pathway for acquiring copper; in humans, mutation of SOD1 (OMIM:147450) leads to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (OMIM:105400).

Superoxide dismutase [Mn] 1, mitochondrial

Locus: CELE_F10D11.1

Wormbase description: sod-2 encodes a iron/manganese superoxide dismutase, predicted to be mitochondrial, that might defend against oxidative stress and promote normal lifespan; sod-2 mRNA levels are diminished by mutation of daf-16, and heterologously expressed SOD-2 in E. coli protects against methyl viologen-induced oxidative stress.

Superoxide dismutase [Mn] 2, mitochondrial

Locus: CELE_C08A9.1

Wormbase description: sod-3 encodes a iron/manganese superoxide dismutase, predicted to be mitochondrial, that might defend against oxidative stress and promote normal lifespan; sod-3 mRNA levels are diminished by mutation of daf-16 and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) studies demonstrate that DAF-16 can directly bind the sod-3 promoter; heterologously expressed SOD-3 in E. coli protects against methyl viologen-induced oxidative stress.

Extracellular superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn];Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]

Locus: CELE_F55H2.1

Wormbase description: sod-4 encodes an extracellular Cu2+/Zn2+ superoxide dismutase (SOD) that is one of five C. elegans SOD enzymes; genetic analyses indicates that sod-4 is required for redox regulation of a number of processes including axon pathfinding in the PVQ interneurons, insulin/IGF-1 signaling, and vulval development; large-scale expression studies indicate that sod-4 is expressed in the nervous system, intestine, and rectal gland cells; sod-4 transcripts are significantly upregulated in dauers.

Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]

Locus: CELE_ZK430.3

Wormbase description: sod-5 encodes one of five superoxide (SOD) isozymes in C. elegans; along with SOD-1, SOD-5 is predicted to be one of two cytoplasmic Cu/Zn SODs in C. elegans; sod-5 expression is increased in sod-1 mutant animals and likewise, sod-1 expression is increased in sod-5 mutants, suggesting a possible mechanism of functional compensation between these two genes; the sod-5 promoter contains one copy of a DAF-16 binding element, consistent with observations that sod-5 mRNA levels increase in insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway mutants.